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This new text places interwar European fascism squarely in its historical context and analyses its relationship with other right wing, authoritarian movements and regimes. Beginning with the ideological roots of fascism in pre-1914 Europe, Martin Blinkhorn turns to the problem-torn Europe of 1919 to 1939 in order to explain why fascism emerged and why, in some settings, it flourished while in others it did not. In doing so he considers not just the 'major' fascist movements and regimes of Italy and Germany but the entire range of fascist and authoritarian ideas, movements and regimes present i

What has between the `radical' and the `conservative' right in twentieth-century Europe? In Fascists and Conservatives thirteen distinguished authorities on the European right explore this major theme within Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, France, Britain, Austria, Romania, Greece adn the Nordic countries

1. Band einer neuen Reihe, die auf jeweils neuestem Forschungsstand in Kurzdarstellungen größerer historischer Ereignisse oder Zusammenhänge Basiswissen vermitteln will. Hier sind es der italienische Faschismus, dessen Duce Mussolini und die jüngere Geschichte Italiens 1861 bis 1945, mit Zeittafel und Karten vorweg, sowie einem Schlußkapitel weiterführende Literatur. Das alles auf rund 70 Seiten und von einem Autor, der an der University of Lancaster, UK, neuere europäische Geschichte lehrt. Der Band eignet sich, seiner Zielsetzung entsprechend, zur begleitenden Lektüre neben dem Schulbuch für Schüler der gymnasialen Oberstufe, für Erstsemester-Studenten als Überblick und Einstieg und zur schnellen Allgemeininformation. (2 S) (LK/HH: Andrae)

Between 1865 and 1881 there occurred in southern Europe and the Balkans several cases of kidnapping in which British subjects were seized and held to ransom by brigands. Most ended peacefully (though expensively) with the negotiation and handing over of a substantial ransom, usually in gold, and the subsequent freeing of the hostage(s); one case, that of the so‐called 'Marathon murders' of 1870 in Greece, ended in tragedy. Quite apart from the problems these incidents created for the victims and their families, some kidnappings also raised important questions for the governments involved, notably who was to blame for such incidents, who was formally responsible for them, and — crucially — who was ultimately liable for the cost involved? These questions and the responses of British governments to them, culminating in 1881 with the enunciation by Gladstone's administration of a clear policy on such matters, form the core of this article.

Between 1865 & 1881 there occurred in southern Europe & the Balkans several cases of kidnapping in which British subjects were seized & held for ransom by brigands. Most ended peacefully (though expensively) with the negotiation & handing over of a substantial ransom, usually in gold, & the subsequent freeing of the hostage(s); one case, that of the so-called "Marathon murders" of 1870 in Greece, ended in tragedy. Quite apart from the problems these incidents created for the victims & their families, some kidnappings also raised important questions for the governments involved, notably, who was to blame for such incidents, who was formally responsible for them, & -- crucially -- who was ultimately liable for the cost involved? These questions & the responses of British governments to them, culminating in 1881 with the enunciation by Gladstone's administration of a clear policy on such matters, form the core of this article. Adapted from the source document.